AVAR ADMIXTURE IN CENTRAL EUROPE

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Appendix 2, Part 6: Genetic Evidence of Avar and Hunnish Admixture in Central Europe

The invasion of Central Europe by Asiatic tribes, including the Huns, Bulgars, Avars and Magyars, is well documented as a historical fact. The genetic imprint left by these invasions has been detected in genetic studies on the subject.

http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/ejhg/journal/v11/n7/abs/5200992a.html

European Journal of Human Genetics (2003) 11, 535-542.

Y chromosomal heritage of Croatian population and its island isolates

Lovorka Bara, Marijana Peri, Irena Martinovi Klari, Siiri Rootsi, Branka Janiijevi, Toomas Kivisild, Jüri Parik, Igor Rudan, Richard Villems and Pavao Rudan

Y chromosome variation in 457 Croatian samples was studied using 16 SNPs/indel and eight STR loci. High frequency of haplogroup I in Croatian populations and the phylogeographic pattern in its background STR diversity over Europe make Adriatic coast one likely source of the recolonization of Europe following the Last Glacial Maximum. The higher frequency of I in the southern island populations is contrasted with higher frequency of group R1a chromosomes in the northern island of Krk and in the mainland. R1a frequency, while low in Greeks and Albanians, is highest in Polish, Ukrainian and Russian populations and could be a sign of the Slavic impact in the Balkan region. Haplogroups J, G and E that can be related to the spread of farming characterize the minor part (12.5%) of the Croatian paternal lineages. In one of the southern island (Hvar) populations, we found a relatively high frequency (14%) of lineages belonging to P^*(xM173) cluster, which is unusual for European populations. Interestingly, the same population also harbored mitochondrial haplogroup F that is virtually absent in European populations - indicating a connection with Central Asian populations, possibly the Avars.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=3056831&dopt=Abstract

1: Hum Genet. 1988 Nov;80(3):207-18

Characteristics of Mongoloid and neighboring populations based on the genetic markers of human immunoglobulins.

Matsumoto H.

Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Japan.

Since the discovery in 1966 of the Gm ab3st gene, which characterizes Mongoloid populations, the distribution of allotypes of immunoglobulins (Gm) among Mongoloid populations scattered from Southeast Asia through East Asia to South America has been investigated, and the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. Mongoloid populations can be characterized by four Gm haplotypes, Gm ag, axg, ab3st, and afb1b3, and can be divided into two groups based on the analysis of genetic distances utilizing Gm haplotype frequency distributions: the first is a southern group characterized by a remarkably high frequency of Gm afb1b3 and a low frequency of Gm ag, and the second, a northern group characterized by a high frequency of both Gm ag and Gm ab3st but an extremely low frequency of Gm afb1b3. 2. Populations in China, mainly Han but including minority nationalities, show remarkable heterogeneity of Gm allotypes from north to south and contrast sharply to Korean and Japanese populations, which are considerably more homogenous with respect to these genetic markers. The center of dispersion of the Gm afb1b3 gene characterizing southern Mongoloids has been identified as the Guangxi and Yunnan area in the southwest of China. 3. The Gm ab3st gene, which is found with its the highest incidence among the northern Baikal Buriats, flows in all directions. However, this gene shows a precipitous drop from mainland China to Taiwan and Southeast Asia and from North to South America, although it is still found in high frequency among Eskimos, Koryaks, Yakuts, Tibetans, Olunchuns, Tungus, Koreans, Japanese, and Ainus. On the other hand, the gene was introduced into Huis, Uyghurs, Indians, Iranians, and spread as far as to include Hungarians and Sardinians in Italy. On the basis of these results, it is concluded that the Japanese race belongs to northern Mongoloids and that the origin of the Japanese race was in Siberia, and most likely in the Baikal area of the Soviet Union.

PMID: 3056831 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

Appendix 2 Content List: Studies of the extent and effect of racial mixing in selected European population groups
Part 1: Racial Mixing in Selected European Groups: Introduction	Part 2: The Black African Genetic Footprint: Sickle Cell Disease	Part 3: Racial Mixing Brought the Hemoglobin D disorder to Britain and Ireland	Part 4: The Mendelian Laws of Genetics - dominant and recessive racially mixed genes
Part 5: European Footprint: Hereditary Hemochromatosis - a genetically inherited disease	Part 6: Genetic Evidence of Avar and Hunnish Admixture in Central Europe	Part 7: Western European Genetic Remnants in Egypt	Part 8: Genetic Evidence of Racial Mixing in Greece
Part 9: Genetic Evidence of Racial Mixing in Italy	Part 10: Genetic Evidence of Racial Mixing in Portugal	Part 11: Genetic Evidence of Racial Mixing in Spain	Part 12: Genetic Homogeneity in Poland
	Part 13: Genetic Homogeneity in Norway	Part 14: Finland, the Lapps and the Tat-C Controversy	Part 15: Y-Chromosomes as Racial Markers

Chapter 18

Chapter 31