Appendix 2: Racial Mixing in Selected European Groups Appendix 15: Y-Chromosomes and Race Mixing Y-Chromosomes are that part of an individual's DNA which reflects the male lineage, passed unchanged from father to son. As such, it compromises a significant part of any nation's DNA. By analyzing the origin of Y Chromosomes, it becomes possible to determine the origin of the male side of a sample group. Theoretically, it is therefore possible to assume that a Y-Chromosome reading represents around 40 percent of that figure's total reading for the subject group. For example, if 50 percent of a sample's Y-Chromosomes are of African origin, it is theoretically possible to deduce that this represents at least a third of that group's total DNA. There are of course other genetic factors at work which could influence the way in which these markers add up to a final group DNA total, such as the readings from mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) which is the female inherited genetic component, and sex-unrelated chromosomes, called autosomal genes. Forces like genetic drift can act more quickly on Y-chromosomes than on autosomal genes, so Y-chromosomes only provide an estimate. Also, since lineages die out over time, the picture offered by Y-chromosomes will always be incomplete. For a complete understanding of the genetics of a group, each relevant gene needs to be studied individually. Nonetheless, Y-chromosome haplogroups only therefore provide a broad outline of human migrations. Physical anthropology is still important. Finer analysis of the Y-chromosome, along with in-depth autosomal DNA analysis when it becomes available, will help to pin down definite percentages of racial ancestry. Thus it cannot always be taken as a given statistic that always exactly one third of a Y-Chromosome reading will reflect a quarter of the total group's DNA structure. But, Y-Chromosomes will provide a good indicator, although final figures of overall racial ancestry can only be determined by combining mtDNA, Y-Chromosome and autosomal data. Y-Chromosomes are however valuable because they can determine without question exactly what male lineages there are present in any sample group, and, by taking a third of the sample result, will provide an approximation of the total ancestry of that particularly Y-Chromosome within any given sample. In the August 2003 edition of "Nature Reviews - Genetics" a full review of the importance of Y-Chromosomes was made: it is available at http://www.nature.com/cgi-taf/DynaPage.taf?file=/nrg/journal/v4/n8/full/nrg1124_fs.html for which a subscription is required. The full article can however be viewed here in PDF format (1.62MB)   _files/spacer.gif)
Nature Reviews Genetics 4, 598-612 (2003); doi:10.1038/nrg1124 THE HUMAN Y CHROMOSOME: AN EVOLUTIONARY MARKER COMES OF AGE | |
Mark A. Jobling1 & Chris Tyler-Smith2
EXTRACT: Until recently, the Y chromosome seemed to fulfil the role of juvenile delinquent among human chromosomes — rich in junk, poor in useful attributes, reluctant to socialize with its neighbors and with an inescapable tendency to degenerate. The availability of the near-complete chromosome sequence, plus many new polymorphisms, a highly resolved phylogeny and insights into its mutation processes, now provide new avenues for investigating human evolution. Y-chromosome research is growing up. The properties of the Y chromosome read like a list of violations of the rulebook of human genetics: it is not essential for the life of an individual (males have it, but females do well without it), one-half consists of tandemly repeated SATELLITE DNA and the rest carries few genes, and most of it does not recombine. However, it is because of this disregard for the rules that the Y chromosome is such a superb tool for investigating recent human evolution from a male perspective and has specialized, but important, roles in medical and forensic genetics. |
That article went to publish as its "figure 2" a world Y-Chromosome map ("figure 2") showing the Y-Chromosome test results from selected population groups around the world. This Y-Chromosome map looks like this: (a larger version of this map opens in new window here) 
The most valuable visual aspect of this chart is that it uses color as representative of Y Chromosomes, making it easy to identify specific groups and the places where they are most common. In this way we can see that : - Europeans comprise the following ’colors’: mauve, dark green (the mauve representing a strain dating back apparently to Paleolithic times, the green representing a ‘newer’ strain); - Sub-Saharan and North Africans compromise mainly blue; (Sub-Saharan Africans are mainly HG 8 haplogroups, and North Africans are mainly HG 21 haplogroups - note that Nature combined the two for simplicity's sake). - Middle Eastern (Semitic) compromise mainly light green and speckled blue; - Asiatics compromise mainly orange, and light purple; - Far Northern Asiatics (Lapps, etc.) compromise very light brown; - Aboriginals and Pacific Islanders around Australasia compromise light purple and brown; - North and South American Amerinds compromise mainly speckled red. Specific Pie Charts reveal racial origins: 
There are five pie charts in Europe: four are meant to represent Europeans proper: Basques (“Pie Chart 9”), Poles (“Pie Chart 11”), Greeks (“Pie Chart 10”), Russians (“Pie Chart 13”) and the fifth, the Sámi, or Lapps (“Pie Chart 12’). 
Pie Chart 9: The Basques in Spain: shows an overwhelming majority of European Y-Chromosomes (mauve and green), with a minority of sub-Saharan/North African (blue) and Middle Eastern (speckled blue) presence. Using the simplistic "one third of the Y-Chromosome data" technique, we see that over 33% of Basque DNA is Paleolithic, or "original European" in origin, as outlined in March of Titans chapter 1. A possible explanation for the sub-Saharan and North African and Middle Eastern presence in the Basque sample would be a left over from Neolithic times; or possibly integration with other Iberian elements containing those strains. |  Pie Chart “11” : The Polish: It too shows a majority of European Y-Chromosomes, with a higher input of ‘later’ or green presence, reflecting a higher Indo-European input. Using the simplistic "halve the Y-Chromosome data" technique, we see that over 20% of Polish DNA is Paleolithic in origin, as outlined in March of the Titans chapter 5 which dealt with how the Indo-European invaders mixed with existing Old European racial elements. The blue segment of the Polish pie chart seems to reflect a sub-Saharan/North African component. Explanations of this vary from inclusion in the sample of recent African immigrants, Gypsies or, more likely, left over Paleolithic elements introduced during early population movements. Whatever the cause, the effect seems minimal in terms of overall effect. |  Pie Chart “10” Greece: This chart shows less than 50% of the Y-Chromosomes as being European, with the rest being comprised of non-European markers (25% sub-Saharan/North African - blue; 25% Middle Eastern - light green; and a small portion Asiatic - orange). This is consistent with historical developments in Greece, namely of the importation of slaves and occupation by the Ottoman Turks for 1000 years, as outlined in March of the Titans chapters 10 and 35. Using the simplistic "one third of the Y-Chromosome data" technique, we see that over 25% of Greek DNA is non-European in origin. | 
Pie Chart “12” : The Sámi, (previously known as the Lapps), in northern Finland. This pie chart shows the extremely mixed nature of the Lapps, with both European and Northern Asiatic elements present in almost equal amounts. Note that there is dispute over the exact nature of the non-European influence, as outlined here. | 
Pie Chart “13” : The Russians. This pie chart shows a overwhelming majority European Y-Chromosome make-up, with a not insignificant Asiatic input, and then smaller Middle Eastern and sub-Saharan African input. This result is perfectly in line with historical developments in the region: the occupation by Asiatics (the Khanates in Southern Russia) and infiltration by Middle Eastern influences (which would have contained the sub-Saharan elements) during the Ottoman period, as outlined in March of the Titans chapter 40. 
The Middle Eastern influence (light green) can also be seen clearly above in pie chart “16”, showing the population of Georgia in Southern Russia. |
Other pie charts of interest: Africa, the Middle East and North India  Pie Chart “6” – The Berbers. According to the Y-Chromosome data, they are vast majority North and sub-Saharan African, with only a very small European input, entirely consistent with their long presumed mixed racial origins. |  Pie Chart “14” – The Lebanese. Minority European, majority Middle Eastern and a significant proportion of sub-Saharan African. |  Pie Chart “15” – The Iranians. Very similar to the Lebanese, and still containing a significant minority of European markers and fewer North African/sub-Saharan markers. |  Pie Chart “18” – The Punjabis: A significant White marker (mauve) present, entirely consistent with the input of the “old European” civilization of Harrapa (see chapter 4 of March of the Titans). |  Pie Chart “19” – The Uzbeks – A true cross roads of the world, with almost every race imaginable leaving an imprint. |
North America: Amerinds Show Paleolithic White Influence  Pie Charts “43, 44 and 45” – The Navajos, Cheyenne and the Mixtecs Amerinds: All three Amerind groups show a not insignificant European marker. Presuming that this is not from inbreeding after the 1452 European colonization of North America, then this would be an excellent indicator of Paleolithic pre-Columbian white input into the continent, as per chapter 6 of March of the Titans. |
. Mixed Race "Arab" Influence in Africa  Pie charts 4 (the Fali) and 8: (the Sudanese): Both have an “Arab” input (for the Fali, a tribe in Cameroon, see 'A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa Is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-chromosome Haplotypes', Am. J. Hum. Genet. 70:1197–1214, 2002, Table 2, (http://www.racearchives.com/calc/haplo_profiles.asp?popid=7&dbname=AfricanYchromHT). The significance of the Arab input is that they, being a mixed race population themselves, would have mixed with White elements in North Africa and the Middle East as they expanded out of their original homeland (apparently the Saudi Arabian peninsula) and would have carried some of these original White elements with them down into Africa. |
White Paleolithic Markers in Australian Aborigines |  |  | Pie Charts 37, Papua New Guineans (coast); 38, Australian Aborigines (Arnhem); 39, Australian Aborigines (Sandy Desert); 40, Cook Islanders; 42, Maori. All of these groups show the mauve White Paleolithic marker. Presuming that this does not represent some post colonial era mixing, it might well be an indicators of some White Paleolithic element in the region. This would very possibly explain the occasional blondism which occurs in the region, particularly in young Australian Aborigines (above right). |
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